This list is a compilation of all botanicals which appear on the FDA’s GRAS list, a list of food additives which are Generally Recognized As Safe by a consensus of scientific opinion. You will note that most items listed carry notations or restrictions like “flavorings for use in alcoholic beverages.” Many herbs are listed by the FDA because of their use in liqueurs and as components of natural flavorings prior to 1958, when the food additive regulations were written. However, alternative uses of the plant, such as flavoring water in an herbal tea, are presumably also safe, and the FDA has taken no action against any product on their list.
Many herbal products fall into a “gray area” of regulation. Around half of the herbs sold by the herb industry are not on the GRAS list, but are widely imported and sold for food use. Their omission from the list does not imply that they are not safe (for instance barley and arrowroot are not GRAS food additives).
This list is excerpted from the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21 Parts 172, 182, 184, and 186. It is a complete listing of botanicals accepted by the FDA for food additive use, but does not include all plant derivatives; for instance some plant gums, waxes and resins have not been included. All substances used for flavoring use are included. The following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the list. In many cases species other than those listed are also used, and share the same common name. Our thanks to Dr. James Duke for his invaluable help in reviewing the taxonomic classifications on the list.
Abbreviations used on the list:
Ext Extracts
Fla Flavorings
Oil Oils
Olr Oleoresins (total fat-soluble extract – oils, waxes, resins, volatile and fixed oils)
Pr Less than 25 ppm prussic acid – a natural toxin
Seas Seasonings
Sp Spice
SF Safrole-free (a carcinogenic natural toxin)
TF Thujone-free (another natural toxin)
Herb Research Foundation
Herbs on the Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) List
COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME NOTATIONS
Acacia (Gum Arabic) Acacia vera (A. spp.) Fla; Emulsifier
Alfalfa Medicago sativa L. Sp; Fla
Algae: Red and brown Species approved: Sp; Sea; Fla;
BROWN ALGAE: Analipus japonicus, Flavor enhancer
Eisenia bicyclis, Hizikia and adjuvant.
fusiforme, Kjellmaniella gyrata,
Laminatia spp., Macrocystis
pyrifera, Petalonia fascia,
Scytosiphon lomentaria, Undaria
pinnatifida.
RED ALGAE: Gloiopeltis furcata,
Porphyra spp., Rhodymenia spp.
Allspice Pimenta officinalis Lindl. Sp; Olr; Oil;
(P. dioica (L.) Merr. Ext
Almond, bitter Prunus amygdalus Batsch, Oil; Olr; Ext
P. armeniaca (apricot), Free of prussic acid
P. persica (L.) Batsch (peach)
Aloe Aloe barbadensis Mill. or spp. Fla
Althaea (root, flowers) Althaea officinalis L. Fla
Ambrette seed Hibiscus abelmoschus L. Sp; Seas; Fla;
= H. moschatus Moench Oil; Olr; Ext
(Abelmoschus moschatus Moench)
Amyris Amyris balsamifera L. Fla
Angelica Angelica archangelica or spp. Sp; Seas; Fla
(root, seed, stem) Oil; Olr; Ext
Angola weed Rocella fuciformis Fla*
Angostura Galipea officinalis Hancock Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil;
(Cusparia bark) Ext; Olr
Anise Pimpinella anisum L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Anise, Star Illicium verum Hook.f. Sp; Fla
Apricot kernel Prunus armeniaca L. Ext used with Sp; Seas; Fla
Artemisia (wormwood) Artemisia spp. Fla; TF
Artichoke leaves Cynara scolymus Fla*
Asafetida Ferula assa-foetida L., F. Spp. Oil; Ext; Olr
Balm (Lemon Balm) Melissa officinalis L. Oil; Sp; Fla; Olr
Balsam, fir Abies balsamea (L.) Mill Fla
Balsam of Peru Myroxylon pereirae Klotzsch. Oil; Ext; Olr
Basil, bush Ocimum minimum L. Sp; Fla
Basil, sweet Ocimum basilicum L. Oil; Ext; Sp; Fla; Olr
Bay Laurus nobilis L. Oil; Ext; Sp; Fla;Olr
Benzoin resin Styrax spp. Fla*
Bergamot Citrus aurantium L. Oil; Ext; Olr
(Bergamot Orange) subsp bergamia Wright et Arn.
Blackberry bark (Rubus fruticosus L.) & all Fla
Rubus species in subgenus Eubatus
Bois de Rose Aniba rosaeodora Ducke. Oil; Ext; Olr
Boldus (Boldo) leaves Peumus boldus Mol Fla*
Boronia flowers Boronia megastigma Nees. Fla
Bryonia root Bryonia alba L & B. dioica Jacq. Fla*
Buchu leaves Barosma betulina Bartl. et Wendl. Fla
B. crenulata (L.) Hook, B. serratifolea Willd.
Buckbean leaves Menyanthes trifoliata L. Fla*
Cacao Theobroma cacao L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Cajeput Melaleuca leucadendron L. & spp. Fla
Calendula Calendula officinalis L. Sp; Fla; Seas
Calumba root Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Meirs Fla*
Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Fla; SF
J.S.Presl
Cananga Cananga odorata Hook.f. Oil; Ext; Olr
et Thoms.
Capers Capparis spinosa L. Sp; Seas: Fla
Capsicum Capsicum frutescens L or Oil; Ext; Olr;
C. annuum L. Sp; Seas
Caraway Carum carvi L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Caraway, black Nigella sativa L. Sp; Seas; Fla
(black cumin)
Cardamon (cardamom) Elettaria cardamomum Maton. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Carob bean Ceratonia siliqua L. Oil; Olr; Ext
Carrot Daucus carota L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Cascara Sagrada Rhamnus purshiana DC Fla
Cascarilla bark Croton eluteria Benn. Oil; Ext; Olr
Cassia Cinnamomum cassia, Sp; Seas; Fla;
C. loureirii & C. burmanni Oil;Ext: Olr
Cassie flowers Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Fla
Castor oil Ricinus communis L. Fla
Castoreum Castor fiber L. Sp; Seas; Fla;
and C. canadensis Kuhl. Oil;Ext; Olr
Catechu, black Acacia catechu Willd. Fla
Cayenne pepper Capsicum frutescens L. Sp; Seas; Fla
C.annuum
Cedar, white Thuja occidentalis L. Fla; TF
(leaves, twigs)
Celery seed Apium graveolens L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Centuary Centaurium umbellatum Gilib Fla*
Chamomile
(English or Roman) Anthemis nobilis L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
(German/Hungarian) Matricaria chamomilla L. Sp; Seas; Fla
Cherry, Wild, bark Prunus serotina Ehrh. Oil; Ext; Olr
Cherry pits Prunus avium L., Fla; Pr
P. cerasus L.
Cherry – laurel leaves Prunus laurocerasus L. Fla; Pr
Chervil Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil;Ext; Olr
Chestnut leaves Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh Fla
Chicory Cichorium intybus L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Chirata Swertia chirata Buch. – Ham Fla*
Chives Allium schoenoprasum L. Sp; Seas; Fla
Cinchona (red, yellow) Cinchona spp. Fla; 83 mcg alkaloid
Cinnamon Cinnamomum spp. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Citronella Cymbopogon nardus Rendle. Oil; Ext; Olr
Citrus peels Citrus spp. Oil; Ext; Olr
Clary (Clary Sage) Salvia sclarea L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Clover Trifolium spp. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Cloves Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. Oil; Sp; Seas;
(Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Fla; Ext; Olr
** Merr. & Perry)
Coca (decocainized) Erythroxylum coca Lam. & spp. Oil; Ext; Olr
Coffee Coffea spp. Oil; Ext; Olr
Cola nut Cola spp. Oil; Ext; Olr
Copaiba S.American spp. of Fla
Copaifera L.
Cork oak Quercus suber occidentalis L.
or Q. occidentalis F. Gray or
(Quercus suber L. ** Terrell) Fla*
Corn silk Zea mays L. Ext; Fla – 4-30 ppm
Costmary Chrysanthemum balsamita L. Fla*
Coriander Coriandrum sativum L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Costus root Saussurea lappa Clarke. Fla
Cubeb Piper cubeba L.f. Fla
Cumin (Cummin) Cuminum cyminum L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Cumin, black Nigella sativa L. Sp; Seas; Fla
(Black Caraway)
Curacao (orange peel) Citrus aurantium L. Oil;Ext;Olr
Currant, black, Ribes nigrum L. Fla
(buds & leaves)
Cusparia bark Galipea officinalis Hancock Oil; Ext; Olr
Damiana leaves Turnera diffusa Willd. Fla
Dandlion root Taraxacum officinale Weber Oil; Ext; Olr
(and whole plant) & spp.
Davana Artemisia pallens Wall. Fla
Dill Anethum graveolens L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Dill, Indian Anethum sowa Roxb. Fla
Dittany (fraxinella) Dictamnus albus L. Fla*
(root)
Dittany of Crete Origanum dictamnus L. Fla
Dog Grass (Quackgrass) Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Oil; Ext; Olr
Dragon’s Blood Daemonorops spp. Fla
(dracorubin)
Dulse Rhodymenia palmata Ext
(see also Red algae)
Elder tree leaves Sambucus niger L. Fla*; Pr
Elder flowers Sambucus canadensis L. Sp; Seas; Fla
& S. niger L. Sp; Seas; Fla
Elecampane rhizome Inula helenium L. Fla*
(and root)
Elemi Canarium commune L. Fla
Erigeron Erigeron canadensis L. Fla
Estragole or Estragon Artemisia dracunculus L. Sp; Seas; Fla;
(Tarragon) Oil; Ext; Olr
Eucalyptus leaves Eucalyptus globulus Labill Fla
Fennel, common Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Sweet, finocchio F. vulgare var dulce (DC.) Sp; Seas; Fla
Foenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Fir, “pine” Abies sibirica Lebed., Fla
(needles & twigs) A. alba Mill, A. sachalinesis
Masters or A. mayriana Miyabe
et Kudo.
Fir, balsam, needles Abies balsamea (L.) Mill Fla
(and twigs)
Galanga (Galangal) Alpinia officinarum Hance. Oil; Olr; Ext; Sp; Seas; Fla
Galanga, greater Alpinia galanga Willd Fla*
Gambir (Catechu, pale) Uncaria gambir Roxb. Fla
Garlic Allium sativum L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Genet flowers Spartium junceum L. Fla
Gentian rhizome, root Gentiana lutea L. Fla
Gentian, stemless Gentiana acaulis L. Fla*
Geranium, fragrant Pelargonium spp. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Germander, chamaedrys Teucrium chamaedrys L. Fla*
Germander, golden Teucrium polium L. Fla*
Ginger Zingiber officinale Rosc. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Glycyrrhiza Glycyrrhiza glabra L., G. spp. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Grains of Paradise Amomum melegueta Rosc. Sp; Seas; Fla
Grapefruit Citrus paradisi Macf. Oil; Ext; Olr
Guaiac Guaiacum spp. Fla
Guarana Paullinia cupana HBK. Fla
Guava Psidium spp. Oil; Ext; Olr
Gum ghatti Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.)Wall. Emulsifier
Gum tragacanth Astragalus gummifier Labillard. Emulsifier
Haw, black, bark Viburnum prunifolium L. Fla
Hemlock needles, twigs Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Fla
T. heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.
Hibiscus (Roselle) Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Fla*
Hickory, bark Carya spp. Oil; Ext; Olr
Hops Humulus lupulus L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Horehound Marrubium vulgare L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Horsemint Monarda punctata L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Horseradish Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib. Sp; Seas; Fla
(Armoracia rusticana **
Gaertn., Mey., & Schreb.)
Hyacinth, flowers Hyacinthus orientalis L. Fla
Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Iceland Moss Cetraria islandica Ach. Fla*
Imperatoria Peucedanum ostruthium (L.)
Koch (Imperatoria ostruthium (L.)**) Fla
Immortelle Helichrysum augustifolium DC. Oil; Ext; Olr
Iva Achillea moschata Jacq. Fla*
Jasmine Jasminum officinale L. & J. spp. Oil; Ext; Olr
Juniper Berries Juniperus communis L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Karaya gum Sterculia spp.
Kola nut Cola spp. Oil; Ext; Olr
Labdanum Cistus spp. Fla
Laurel berries, leaves Laurus nobilis L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Lavender Lavandula officinalis Chaix Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Lavender, spike Lavandula latifolia Vill. Oil; Ext; Olr
Lemon Balm (Balm) Melissa officinalis L. Oil; Sp; Fla; Olr
Lemon Grass Cymbopogon citratus DC. Oil; Ext; Olr
C. flexuosus Stapf.
Lemon Peel, Fruit Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Oil; Ext; Olr
Lemon Verbena Lippia citriodora HBK Fla*
(Aloysia triphylla ** (L.’Her.) Britt.)
Licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra & G. spp. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Lime Citrus aurantifolia Swingle. Oil; Ext; Olr
Linaloe wood Bursera delpechiana Poiss. & B. spp. Fla
Linden flowers Tilia spp. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Linden leaves Tilia spp. Fla*
Locust Bean (Carob) Ceratonia siliqua L. Oil; Olr; Ext
Lovage Levisticum officinale Koch. Fla
Lungwort Sticta pulmonacea Ach. Fla
Lupulin (Hops) Humulus lupulus L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Mace Myristica fragrans Houtt. Oil; Ext; Olr
Maidenhair Fern Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Fla*
Malt (extract) Hordeum vulgare L., other grains Oil; Ext; Olr
Mandarin Citrus reticulata Blanco. Oil; Ext; Olr
Maple, Mountain Acer spicatum Lam. Fla
Marigold, pot Calendula officinalis L. Sp; Seas; Fla
Marjoram, pot Majorana onites (L.) Benth; Sp; Seas; Fla
(Origanum onites (L.)**)
Marjoram, sweet Majorana hortensis Moench. Sp; Seas;
(Origanum majorana L.**) Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Maté (Matté) Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. Oil; Ext; Olr
Melissa (Balm) Melissa officinalis L. Oil; Sp; Fla; Olr
Menthol (Peppermint) Mentha piperita L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Mimosa flowers (Black Wattle) Acacia decurrens Willd. var. dealbata Fla
Mullein flowers Verbascum spp. Fla*
Mustard, black, brown Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Mustard, white, yellow Brassica hirta Moench. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Myrrh Commiphora spp. Fla
Myrtle Myrtus communis L. Fla*
Naringin (Grapefruit) Citrus paradisi Macf. Oil; Ext; Olr
Neroli, bigarade Citrus aurantium L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Nutmeg Myristica fragrans Houtt. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Oak, English, wood Quercus robur L. Fla*
Oak, white, wood Quercus alba Fla*
Oak moss Evernia spp. Fla; TF
Olibanum Boswellia carteri, Birdw. B. spp. Fla
Onion Allium cepa L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Opopanax Opopanax chironium Koch. Fla
Orange, bitter (flowers, peel) Citrus aurantium L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Orange, sweet Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Oil; Ext; Olr
(flowers, leaves, peel)
Oregano Lippia spp. Sp; Seas; Fla
Origanum Origanum spp. Oil; Ext; Olr
Orris root Iris germanica L. & I. pallida Lam. Fla
Palmarosa Cymbopogon martini Stapf. Oil; Ext; Olr
Pansy Viola tricolor L. Fla*
Paprika Capsicum annuum L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil, Ext; Olr
Parsley Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Mansf. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Passion Flower Passiflora incarnata L. Fla
Patchouly Pogostemon cablin Benth. and Fla
P. heyneanus Benth.
Peach kernel Prunus persica Sleb et Zuce. Ext used with sp; Seas; Fla
Peach leaves Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Fla*; Pr
Peanut Arachis hypogaea L.
Pennyroyal, American Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Fla
Pennyroyal, European Mentha pulegium L. Fla
Pepper, black, white Piper nigrum L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Pepper, red Capsicum frutescens, C. annuum Sp; Seas; Fla
Peppermint Mentha piperita L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Peruvian Balsam Myroxylon pereirae Klotzsch Oil; Ext; Olr
Petitgrain Citrus aurantium L. Oil; Ext; Olr
(bitter orange)
Pimenta Pimenta officinalis Lindl. Oil; Ext; Olr
Pine, needles, twigs Fla
dwarf Pinus mugo Turra var. pumilio
(Haenke) Zenari
Scotch P. sylvestris L.
Pine bark, white Pinus strobus L. Fla*
Pine oil, white Pinus palustris Mill., P. spp. Fla*
Pipsissewa leaves Chimaphila umbellata Nutt. Oil; Ext; Olr
Pomegranate Punica granatum L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Poplar buds Populus balsamifera, P. Fla*
candicans Ait., P. nigra L.
Poppy Seed Papaver somniferum L. Sp; Seas; Fla
Pot Marigold Calendula officinalis L. Sp; Seas; Fla
(see Marigold, pot)
Pot Marjoram Majorana onites (L.) Benth;
(see Marjoram, pot) (Origanum onites (L.)** Sp; Seas; Fla
Prickly Ash bark Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Oil; Ext; Olr
Quassia Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch, Fla
Quassia amara L.
Quebracho bark Aspidosperma quebracho Fla
-blanco Schlecht,
(Quebrachia lorentzii (Griseb).
Quillaia (Soapbark) Quillaja saponaria Mol Fla
Quince seed Cydonia oblonga Miller. Ext used with Sp, Seas, Fla
Red saunders Pterocarpus santalinus L. Fla*
Rhatany root Krameria triandra Ruiz
et Pav, K. argentea Mart. Fla
Rhubarb root Rheum rhaponticum L. Fla*
R. officinale Baill. R. spp. Fla
Rose buds, flwrs., Rosa spp. Oil; Ext; Olr
fruit (hips and leaves)
Rose Geranium Pelargonium graveolens L’Her. Oil; Ext; Olr
Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa Fla*
Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Rosin Pinus spp. Fla*
Rue Ruta graveolens L., Fla not to
R. montana L.,R. bracteosa L. exceed 2 ppm.
R. chalepensis L.
Rue oil Ditto Fla not to exceed 10 ppm
Saffron Crocus sativus L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Sage Salvia officinalis L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Sage, Greek Salvia triloba L. Sp; Seas; Fla: Oil; Ext; Olr
St.John’s Bread (carob) Ceratonia siliqua L. Oil; Olr; Ext
St.John’s Wort leaves Hypericum perforatum L. Fla* – Hypericin-free
Sandalwood, white, Santalum album L. Fla
(yellow, East Indian)
Sandarac Tetraclinis articulata Fla*
(Vahl.), Mast
Sarsaparilla Smilax aristolochiaefolia Fla*
Mill, S. regelii Killip et Morton, S. febrifuga
Kunth, or S. spp.
Sassafras leaves Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees Fla, Safrole-free
Savory, Summer, Winter Satureja spp. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Schinus molle Schinus molle L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Senna, Alexandrian Cassia acutifolia Delile Fla
Serpentaria (Virginia Snakeroot) Aristolochia serpentaria L. Fla*
Sesame Sesamum indicum L. Sp; Seas; Fla
Simaruba bark Simaruba amara Aubl Fla*
Sloe Berries (Blackthorn Berries) Prunus spinosa L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Snakeroot, Canadian (Wild Ginger) Asarum canadense L. Fla
Snakeroot, Virginia (Serpentaria) Aristolochia serpentaria L. Fla*
Spearmint Mentha spicata L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Spruce needles, twigs Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Fla
P. mariana (Mill.) BSP.
Star Anise (see Anise, Star) Illicium verum Hook. f. Sp; Fla
Styrax (Storax) Liquidambar orientalis Mill. Fla
or L. styraciflua L.
Tagetes (marigold) Tagetes patula L., Fla – as oil
T. erecta L., T. minuta L. only
(T. glandulifera Schrank)
Tamarind Tamarindus indica L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Tangerine (mandarin) Citrus reticulata Blanco. Oil; Ext; Olr
Tansy Tanacetum vulgare L. Fla*, TF
Tarragon Artemisia dracunculus L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Tea Thea sinensis L.;
(Camellia sinensis L. Ktze.**) Oil; Ext; Olr
Thistle, Blessed (Holy Thistle) Cnicus benedictus L. Fla*
Thyme Thymus vulgaris L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Thyme, Wild or Creeping Thymus serpyllum L. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
Thymus capitatus Thymus capitatus Hoffmg. Fla
(Spanish “origanum”) et Link
Tolu Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms Fla
Triticum (Dog grass) Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Oil; Ext; Olr
Tuberose Polianthes tuberosa L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Tumeric; Turmeric Curcuma longa L.; Sp; Seas; Fla;
(Curcuma domestica Val.**) Oil; Ext; Olr
Turpentine (Pine oil) Pinus palustris Mill., P. spp. Fla*
Valerian rhizome, Valeriana officinalis L. Fla
Vanilla Vanilla planifolia Andr., Sp; Seas; Fla;
V. tahitensis J.W.Moore Oil; Ext; Olr
Veronica Veronica officinalis L. Fla*
Vervain, European Verbena officinalis L. Fla*
Vetiver Vetiveria zizanioides Stapf. Fla
Violet flowers, leaves Viola odorata L. Oil; Ext; Olr
Violet, Swiss Viola calcarata L. Fla
Walnut husks (hulls), Juglans nigra L., or Fla
leaves and green nuts J. regia L.
Wild Cherry Bark Prunus serotina Ehrh. Oil; Ext; Olr
Woodruff, sweet Asperula odorata L. Fla*
(Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.)
Wormwood (Artemisia) Artemisia spp. Fla; TF
Yarrow Achillea millefolium L. Fla*, TF
Yerba Santa Eriodictyon californicum Fla
(Hook. et Arn.) Torr.
Ylang-Ylang Cananga odorata Hook.f. et Thoms. Oil; Ext; Olr
Yucca, Joshua-Tree Yucca brevifolia Engelm. Fla
Yucca, Mohave Yucca schidigera Roezl Fla
et Ortgies(Y. mohavensis Sarg.)
Zedoary bark Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. Sp; Seas; Fla; Oil; Ext; Olr
* = “Approved for use as flavoring in alcoholic beverages; see Paragraph One (1), Page One (1).”
** = “Currently accepted binomial recorded as first entry; outdated binomial used by FDA on original GRAS List is recorded in parentheses.” 2/18/93/rc [7/16/84]
